Urbanization
and Urban Renewal in Colombo

It took geological ages
for humanity to found the first city of a million citizens in Rome in the first
century AD. The second in London had developed into such a city in 1800 AD. At
that time 3% of the world’s population was urban. It rose to 13% in1900 and 49%
in2005. By 2030, the % will be 60 and the urban population will total 4.9
billion is the UN forecast. It is striking that the pace of urbanization is as
astounding as its scale. What is highlighted by the above data is the
relentlessness of the change and the inexorability of the phenomenon.
Cities
and Mega Cities
Cities
with a population of one million plus were 83 in 1950. They had increased to 468
by 2007. Mega cities of over 10 million were two in 1970 – Tokyo and New York.
Mega cities in 2011 were 23 and are forecast to increase to 37 by 2025. At that
time 1 in 8 of the urban population will be living in mega cities. UN forecasts
that by 2050 while world population increases by 2.3 billion, the total would
reach 9.3 billion and the urban component would touch 67%. By then Asia, Africa
and Latin America will add 2.5 billion to their urban citizenry.
“Sir
this is Colombo, larger than Ceylon”; This thinking was dominant in the
twentieth century among the higher echelons.
How
we are drawn into the urban vortex is besides the point. The trend can neither
be stopped nor stalled. Neither can it be reversed. These imperatives have to be
factored in our thought process. Once rural existence ceases, the boats are
burned and prospects of a relapse are closed. So forgetting the antecedents to
change, it may be realized that the polity profits by evolving strategies to
reduce the dissonant and to enhance the vibrant.
China
Even
in urbanization China’s progress is phenomenal. Visuals are astounding.
Statistics are incredible. In 1950 China had an urban population of 11.8% which
grew to 49.2% in 2010. By 2025 as much as 65.4% will be urban. To meet the
situation, the investment on urban infrastructure is an estimated $ 6.5 trillion
till 2020. By 2025 there will be 221 cities having a million plus citizens. Mega
cities too will proliferate. Nearly a billion people in a single nation will
live in an environment adequately built up with modern amenities by 2030. The
miracle of the world already visible will assume gigantic proportions.
India
The
development of the capital, its renewal and redevelopment constitute an onerous
task for any country. The impossibility of rehashing Old Delhi forced the
British to build New Delhi upon a clean slate in the nineteen thirties. The old
one yet remains a conglomerate of chaos even after eighty years. Chandigarh in
Punjab is voted often as the best in India and the most livable. It was built
anew to signify independent India’s emerging modernity. Planning and execution
were not constricted by an existing situation. Mumbai and Kolkata demonstrate an
aversion for the surgeon’s knife. The old and the new grow apace. Made up beauty
and abscess co-exist. Bangalore exhibits urban sprawl and congestion in a
beautiful city adored just a few decades earlier. Unabated centripetal factors
will take the population to 13.2 million in 2025. Chennai pulsates with the old
being renewed together with significant dispersal to a greater metropolis. By
2025, India will have 5 mega cities including Chennai.
South
East Asia
In
this region Singapore is a model. She was blessed with the vision of Lee Kwan
Yew. His unrelenting pursuit of perfection together with rigorous political
leadership transformed a country of modest development into a vigorous city
state. Kuala Lumpur is another example of an iron hand delivering to its
citizens a world class capital. City development in Vietnam has shown a burst of
energy manifesting in Hanoi and Saigon. Both the drag of past dilapidation as
well as weight of the communist baggage have been thrown aside
remorselessly.
Sri
Lanka
In
a land where time has stood still for half a century and more a beginning is
being made at urban renewal. The process of urbanization itself has been
stagnant since independence. The urban population % for 4 countries in 1950 and
2010 were: China 11.8 and 49.2, India 17.0 and 30.9, Malaysia 20.4 and 72.0 and
Sri Lanka 15.3 and 15.0. Those who challenge the statistics can seek
clarification from Population Division of the UN. Having lost out, one may be
inclined to expatiate on the mystique of rural existence. To
Karl
Marx it is “Idiocy of rural life”.
In
the capital city, is urban renewal the need of the hour? No. It is overdue by
more than sixty years. It is unfortunate that when the nation had financial
resources and exchange aplenty from independence to 1960, profligacy overtook
thrift and prudent investment. When land availability lent itself to flexibility
and spatial expansion, the advantage was not seized. The thinking of officialdom
did not get grafted to political priorities. Conversely the powers that be never
pushed the officials towards city modernization. In the last half a century
pecuniary embarrassment contracepted any thought on urban renewal in the capital
city or in provincial and district capitals.
Colombo
The
result particularly in the principal city was galloping degeneration. The
nation’s population more than trebled since independence and with urban
migration the city experienced explosive pressure. Yet the response to
accommodating the changes was only a little more than paralytic. The pace was
pedestrian and slums became iconic in a city reputed to be a ‘garden city’ six
decades earlier. Whatever the current situation, redeveloping a city of 7 lakhs
should not be difficult when Chennai is managing a city of 8.8 million projected
to reach 12.8 million by 2025.
With
urban sprawl and encroachments without penal action, large areas were swallowed
up leaving no space for lateral expansion or vertical growth. In this situation
the city was faced with two options. The choices were to live with slums till
eternity or to maximize land utilization creatively and realistically. The
latter became compulsive and the response was appropriate to demand.
Why
select Slave Island for primary honour? What is Slave Island? A microcosm
of
Colombo’s
slum world, displaying all the unsavoury features of unhealthy living. Above it,
is its rotten ripeness for demolition. Centrality to the metropolis that is
envisaged and proximity to better areas of residence perhaps influenced the
selection. Once it gets on to the highroad to development it is sure to become a
precursor for other areas of sterilized land. Panchikawatte, Mutwal, Grandpass,
Kotahena and a few more places of extreme congestion will be in line. This short
list will need half a century and billions in dollars to see planned
development. The clean slate model for Slave Island provides the flexibility
ideal for comprehensive planning and execution not to mention foreign
investment.
Dweller
Relocation
Any
worthwhile development of commendable proportions in any city at any time would
mandate relocation of residents. A major surgical operation is inevitably
painful and painkillers will be needed. Humanitarian considerations demand it.
So it is with Slave Island. The cost of relocation is reportedly high. Decades
of default by the administration both central and municipal brought this about.
The price to be paid may be deemed as for new housing. At a price the
untouchable has been touched. A kinetic dimension is added to the immovable. A
harbinger of change is in place.
Provincial
and District Capitals
In
decades past the rickshaw puller was an essential part in a foreigner’s city
tour. When a round is over he will tell the tourist “Sir this is Colombo, larger
than Ceylon”. This thinking was dominant in the twentieth century among the
higher echelons. In this Colombo centric obsession may be seen the unbalanced
growth of Colombo vis a vis District capitals. Veering from such thinking,
resources need to be spread across the country evenly. Having said that, it
needs to be mentioned that there is a compulsion to treat the capital
differently.
Attractive
Capital
The
state of the capital plays its part in the development of a nation. Lee Kwan Yew
says that a visitor’s impression from the airport to the city is important. Well
manicured golf courses and tree lined roads will present a picture of
discipline. Colombo as a garden city will do good to the country in many ways.
But it is wise to recognize that no amount of beautification will change
perceptions if fundamentals are flawed or non-existent. This is particularly so
with regard to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the crucial importance of which
needs little emphasis.
FDI
UNCTAD
having researched the factors promoting FDI, spells out 11 core principles quite
succinctly. Three of them of crucial relevance to Sri Lanka’s investment climate
are as below:
Policy
Coherence:
“Investment
policies should be grounded in a country’s overall development strategy. All
policies that impact on investment should be coherent and synergetic at both the
national and international levels”.
Public
Governance and Institutions:
“Investment
policies should be developed involving all stakeholders, and embedded in an
institutional framework based on the rule of law that adheres to high
standards of public governance and ensures predictable, efficient and
transparent procedures for investors”.
Openness
to Investment:
“In
line with each country’s development strategy, investment policy should
establish open, stable and predictable entry conditions for investment”.
Sri
Lanka can either follow them or forget about FDI. Global FDI which stood at a
modest $ 13.34 billion in 1970, grew to a cumulative $ 20.66 trillion by end
2011. A total of $ 40 trillion is expected by 2020. If these be the magnitudes
can SL afford not to partake of it?
Infrastructure
The
indispensables of city infrastructure are clearly known. The astronomical figure
needed annually to meet the cost is known to those conversant with the subject.
It may also be realised that neither the state nor the private sector command
even a fraction of the resources needed for transformational projects of high
investment magnitudes. Foreign loans are mobilized and FDI is attracted or the
nation stagnates and the city withers away.
Prospects
Hope
springs and life goes on like Tennyson’s brook. Our wisest poetess Auvaiyaar
points out that even as a tree on the bank of a river can crash any time, a life
of power and pelf will certainly crumble. The reality of impermanence is dinned
into us. Thiruvalluvar in his wisdom says that prudent words make no impression
on the obtuse. To the unwise, his own one dimensional perception is supreme.
Ilanko Adikal asserts in Silappadikaaram, aram (dharma) will deliver us from
evil rule. Whatever the backdrop, on what has been initiated towards urban
renewal in Colombo, a worthwhile edifice can be built. Eternal optimism is
certainly never unrealism.